Exaltation of the Virtuous II

zǐ mò zǐ yán yuē : “ jīn 1 zhě wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén wéi zhènɡ yú ɡuó jiā zhě , jiē yù ɡuó jiā zhī fù , rén mín zhī zhònɡ , xínɡ zhènɡ zhī zhì , rán ér bù dé fù ér dé pín , bù dé zhònɡ ér dé ɡuǎ , bù dé zhì ér dé luàn , zé shì běn shī qí suǒ yù , dé qí suǒ è  , shì qí ɡù hé yě ? ”
子 墨 子 言  曰  : “ 今  1 者  王   公   大 人  为  政    于 国  家  者  , 皆  欲 国  家  之  富 , 人  民  之  众    , 刑   政    之  治  , 然  而 不 得 富 而 得 贫  , 不 得 众    而 得 寡  , 不 得 治  而 得 乱   , 则 是  本  失  其 所  欲 , 得 其 所  恶 , 是  其 故 何 也 ? ”
zǐ mò zǐ yán yuē : “ jīn wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén zhī jūn rén mín , zhǔ shè jì , zhì ɡuó jiā , yù xiū bǎo ér wù shī , ɡù bù chá shànɡ xián wéi zhènɡ zhī běn yě 。 hé yǐ zhī shànɡ xián zhī wéi zhènɡ běn yě ? yuē zì ɡuì qiě zhì zhě , wéi zhènɡ hū yú qiě jiàn zhě , zé zhì ; zì yú qiě jiàn zhě , wéi zhènɡ hū ɡuì qiě zhì zhě , zé luàn 。 shì yǐ zhī shànɡ xián zhī wéi zhènɡ běn yě 。 ɡù ɡǔ zhě shènɡ wánɡ shèn zūn shànɡ xián ér rèn shǐ nénɡ , bù dǎnɡ fù xiōnɡ , bù piān ɡuì fù , bú bì yán sè , xián zhě jǔ ér shànɡ zhī , fù ér ɡuì zhī , yǐ wéi ɡuān zhǎnɡ ; bù xiāo zhě yì ér fèi zhī , pín ér jiàn zhī yǐ wéi tú yì , shì yǐ mín jiē quàn qí shǎnɡ , wèi qí fá , xiānɡ lǜ ér wéi xián 。 zhě yǐ xián zhě zhònɡ , ér bù xiāo zhě ɡuǎ , cǐ wèi jìn xián 。 rán hòu shènɡ rén tīnɡ qí yán , jì qí xínɡ , chá qí suǒ nénɡ , ér shèn yǔ ɡuān , cǐ wèi shì nénɡ 。 ɡù kě shǐ zhì ɡuó zhě , shǐ zhì ɡuó , kě shǐ zhǎnɡ ɡuān zhě , shǐ zhǎnɡ ɡuān , kě shǐ zhì yì zhě , shǐ zhì yì 。 fán suǒ shǐ zhì ɡuó jiā , ɡuān fǔ , yì lǐ , cǐ jiē ɡuó zhī xián zhě yě 。
子 墨 子 言  曰  : “ 今  王   公   大 人  之  君  人  民  , 主  社  稷 , 治  国  家  , 欲 修  保  而 勿 失  , 故 不 察  尚    贤   为  政    之  本  也 。 何 以 知  尚    贤   之  为  政    本  也 ? 曰  自 贵  且  智  者  , 为  政    乎 愚 且  贱   者  , 则 治  ; 自 愚 且  贱   者  , 为  政    乎 贵  且  智  者  , 则 乱   。 是  以 知  尚    贤   之  为  政    本  也 。 故 古 者  圣    王   甚   尊  尚    贤   而 任  使  能   , 不 党   父 兄    , 不 偏   贵  富 , 不 嬖 颜  色 , 贤   者  举 而 上    之  , 富 而 贵  之  , 以 为  官   长    ; 不 肖   者  抑 而 废  之  , 贫  而 贱   之  以 为  徒 役 , 是  以 民  皆  劝   其 赏    , 畏  其 罚 , 相    率 而 为  贤   。 者  以 贤   者  众    , 而 不 肖   者  寡  , 此 谓  进  贤   。 然  后  圣    人  听   其 言  , 迹 其 行   , 察  其 所  能   , 而 慎   予 官   , 此 谓  事  能   。 故 可 使  治  国  者  , 使  治  国  , 可 使  长    官   者  , 使  长    官   , 可 使  治  邑 者  , 使  治  邑 。 凡  所  使  治  国  家  , 官   府 , 邑 里 , 此 皆  国  之  贤   者  也 。

Mozi said: Now, in caring for the people, ruling the state, and governing the country, the rulers desire permanency and stability. But why do they not learn that exaltation of the virtuous is the foundation of government? How do we know exaltation of the virtuous is the foundation of government? When the honourable and wise run the government, the ignorant and humble remain orderly; but when the ignorant and humble run the government, the honourable and wise become rebellious. Therefore we know exaltation of the virtuous is the foundation of government. The ancient sage-kings greatly emphasized the exaltation of the virtuous and the employment of the capable. Without special consideration for relatives, for the rich and honoured, or for the good-looking, they exalted and promoted the virtuous, enriched and honoured them, and made them governors and leaders. The vicious they kept back and banished, depossessed and degraded, and made labourers and servants. Thereupon people were all encouraged by rewards and threatened by punishments and strove with each other after virtue. Thus the virtuous multiplied and the vicious diminished in number. Such is exaltation of the virtuous. Then the sage-kings watched their words and observed their conduct, found out their capabilities and carefully assigned them their offices. Such is employment of the capable. Accordingly those who were capable to govern the country were made to govern the country, those who were capable to administer the court were made to administer the court, and those who were capable in managing the districts were made to manage the districts. All those who had charge of the country, the court, and the districts were then the virtuous of the land.

xián zhě zhī zhì ɡuó zhě yě , zǎo cháo yàn tuì , tīnɡ yù zhì zhènɡ , shì yǐ ɡuó jiā zhì ér xínɡ fǎ zhènɡ 。 xián zhě zhī zhǎnɡ ɡuān yě , yè qǐn sù xīnɡ , shōu liǎn ɡuān shì 、 shān lín 、 zé liánɡ zhī lì , yǐ shí ɡuān fǔ , shì yǐ ɡuān fǔ shí ér cái bú sàn 。 xián zhě zhī zhì yì yě , zǎo chū mò rù , ɡēnɡ jià 、 shù yì 、 jù shū sù , shì yǐ shū sù duō ér mín zú hū shí 。 ɡù ɡuó jiā zhì zé xínɡ fǎ zhènɡ , ɡuān fǔ shí zé wàn mín fù 。 shànɡ yǒu yǐ jié wéi jiǔ lǐ zī shènɡ , yǐ jì sì tiān ɡuǐ ; wài yǒu yǐ wéi pí bì , yǔ sì lín zhū hóu jiāo jiē , nèi yǒu yǐ shí jī xī láo , jiānɡ yǎnɡ qí wàn mín 。 wài yǒu yǐ huái tiān xià zhī xián rén 。 shì ɡù shànɡ zhě tiān ɡuǐ fù zhī , wài zhě zhū hóu yǔ zhī , nèi zhě wàn mín qīn zhī , xián rén ɡuī zhī , yǐ cǐ móu shì zé dé , jǔ shì zé chénɡ , rù shǒu zé ɡù , chū zhū zé jiānɡ 。 ɡù wéi xī sān dài shènɡ wánɡ yáo 、 shùn 、 yǔ 、 tānɡ 、 wén 、 wǔ , zhī suó yǐ wánɡ tiān xià zhènɡ zhū hóu zhě , cǐ yì qí fǎ yǐ 。
贤   者  之  治  国  者  也 , 蚤  朝   晏  退  , 听   狱 治  政    , 是  以 国  家  治  而 刑   法 正    。 贤   者  之  长    官   也 , 夜 寝  夙 兴   , 收   敛   关   市  、 山   林  、 泽 梁    之  利 , 以 实  官   府 , 是  以 官   府 实  而 财  不 散  。 贤   者  之  治  邑 也 , 蚤  出  莫 入 , 耕   稼  、 树  艺 、 聚 菽  粟 , 是  以 菽  粟 多  而 民  足 乎 食  。 故 国  家  治  则 刑   法 正    , 官   府 实  则 万  民  富 。 上    有  以 洁  为  酒  醴 栥 盛    , 以 祭 祀 天   鬼  ; 外  有  以 为  皮 币 , 与 四 邻  诸  侯  交   接  , 内  有  以 食  饥 息 劳  , 将    养   其 万  民  。 外  有  以 怀   天   下  之  贤   人  。 是  故 上    者  天   鬼  富 之  , 外  者  诸  侯  与 之  , 内  者  万  民  亲  之  , 贤   人  归  之  , 以 此 谋  事  则 得 , 举 事  则 成    , 入 守   则 固 , 出  诛  则 疆    。 故 唯  昔 三  代  圣    王   尧  、 舜   、 禹 、 汤   、 文  、 武 , 之  所  以 王   天   下  正    诸  侯  者  , 此 亦 其 法 已 。

When the virtuous rules the country, he starts the day early and retires late, hearing lawsuits and attending to the government. As a result, the country is well governed and laws are justly administered. When the virtuous administers the court he retires late and wakes up early, collecting taxes from passes, markets, and on products from mountains, woods, waters, and land to fill the court. As a result, the court is filled and wealth is not wasted. When the virtuous manages the districts, he goes out before sunrise and comes back after sunset, plowing and sowing, planting and cultivating, and gathering harvests of grains. As a result, grains are in plenty and people are sufficiently supplied with food. Therefore when the country is well governed the laws are well administered, and when the court is filled the people are wealthy. For the higher sphere, the rulers had wherewith to make wine and cakes to do sacrifice and libation to Heaven and the spirits. For the countries outside, they had wherewith to provide the furs and money to befriend neighbouring feudal lords. For the people within, they had wherewith to feed the hungry and give rest to the tired. Above all these, they had means to cherish the virtuous. Therefore from above, Heaven and the spirits enrich them from without, the feudal lords submit themselves to them from within, the people show them affection, and the virtuous become loyal to them. Hence they could have satisfaction in planning and success in execution. In defence they are strong and in attack victorious. Now the way that enabled the sage-kings of the Three Dynasties, namely Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu, to rule the empire and head the feudal lords was no other than this (principle of exaltation of the virtuous).

jì yuē ruò fǎ , wèi zhī suó yǐ xínɡ zhī shù , zé shì yóu ruò wèi chénɡ , shì yǐ bì wéi zhì sān běn 。 hé wèi sān běn ? yuē jué wèi bù ɡāo zé mín bú jìnɡ yě , xù lù bú hòu zé mín bú xìn yě , zhènɡ lìnɡ bú duàn zé mín bú wèi yě 。 ɡù ɡǔ shènɡ wánɡ ɡāo yǔ zhī jué , zhònɡ yǔ zhī lù , rèn zhī yǐ shì , duàn yǔ zhī lìnɡ , fū qǐ wéi qí chén cì zāi , yù qí shì zhī chénɡ yě 。 《 shī 》 yuē : ‘ ɡào nǚ yōu xù , huì nǚ yǔ jué , shú nénɡ zhí rè , xiān bú yònɡ zhuó 。 ’ zé cǐ yǔ ɡǔ zhě ɡuó jūn zhū hóu zhī bù ké yǐ bù zhí shàn , chénɡ sì fú zuǒ yě 。 pì zhī yóu zhí rè zhī yǒu zhuó yě 。 jiānɡ xiū qí shǒu yān 。 ɡǔ zhě shènɡ wánɡ wéi wú dé xián rén ér shǐ zhī , bān jué yǐ ɡuì zhī , liè dì yǐ fēnɡ zhī , zhōnɡ shēn bú yàn 。 xián rén wéi wú dé mínɡ jūn ér shì zhī , jié sì zhī zhī lì yǐ rèn jūn zhī shì , zhōnɡ shēn bú juàn 。 ruò yǒu měi shàn zé ɡuī zhī shànɡ , shì yǐ měi shàn zài shànɡ ér suǒ yuàn bànɡ zài xià , nínɡ lè zài jūn , yōu qī zài chén , ɡù ɡǔ zhě shènɡ wánɡ zhī wéi zhènɡ ruò cǐ 。
既 曰  若  法 , 未  知  所  以 行   之  术  , 则 事  犹  若  未  成    , 是  以 必 为  置  三  本  。 何 谓  三  本  ? 曰  爵  位  不 高  则 民  不 敬   也 , 蓄 禄 不 厚  则 民  不 信  也 , 政    令   不 断   则 民  不 畏  也 。 故 古 圣    王   高  予 之  爵  , 重    予 之  禄 , 任  之  以 事  , 断   予 之  令   , 夫 岂 为  其 臣   赐 哉  , 欲 其 事  之  成    也 。 《 诗  》 曰  : ‘ 告  女 忧  恤 , 诲  女 予 爵  , 孰  能   执  热 , 鲜   不 用   濯   。 ’ 则 此 语 古 者  国  君  诸  侯  之  不 可 以 不 执  善   , 承    嗣 辅 佐  也 。 譬 之  犹  执  热 之  有  濯   也 。 将    休  其 手   焉  。 古 者  圣    王   唯  毋 得 贤   人  而 使  之  , 般  爵  以 贵  之  , 裂  地 以 封   之  , 终    身   不 厌  。 贤   人  唯  毋 得 明   君  而 事  之  , 竭  四 肢  之  力 以 任  君  之  事  , 终    身   不 倦   。 若  有  美  善   则 归  之  上    , 是  以 美  善   在  上    而 所  怨   谤   在  下  , 宁   乐 在  君  , 忧  戚 在  臣   , 故 古 者  圣    王   之  为  政    若  此 。

However, if there is only the principle while the technique of its application is not known, then it would seem to be still incomplete. Therefore there should be laid down three rules. What are the three rules? They are: (1) when their rank (that of the virtuous) is not high, people would not show them respect; (2) when their emoluments are not liberal, people would not place confidence in them; (3) when their orders are not final, people would not stand in awe before them. So the ancient sage-kings placed them high in rank, gave them liberal emoluments, trusted them with important charges, and decreed their orders to be final. And all this was done not merely to reward their subordinates; it was to fulfil their trust. Thus runs an Ode: "I am instructing you to take worries and cares of the world as your own; I am teaching the order of ranks for the virtuous and talented. Who can handle heat without rinsing his hands (in cold water)?" This is to show how in the past the rulers could not do without befriending subordinates and helpers. It was like the necessity of rinsing in handling hot objects to relieve the hands. The ancient sage-kings concentrated on acquiring, and employing the virtuous - honouring them with high ranks, and assigning land to them--unwearied to the end of their lives. The virtuous men on the other hand only hoped to find an enlightened ruler to serve - exhausting all the powers of the four limbs to attend to the king's business - untired to the end of their lives. When there were any excellences and virtues they were attributed to the emperor. Thus excellences and virtues belonged to the emperor while complaints and slanders were directed against the subordinates. Peace and joy abode with the king while worries and sorrows were lodged with the officials. This was how the ancient sage-kings administered the government.

jīn wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén yì yù xiào rén yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ , ɡāo yǔ zhī jué , ér lù bù cónɡ yě 。 fū ɡāo jué ér wú lù , mín bú xìn yě 。 yuē : ‘ cǐ fēi zhōnɡ shí ài wǒ yě , jiǎ jiè ér yònɡ wǒ yě 。 ’ fū jiǎ jiè zhī mín , jiānɡ qǐ nénɡ qīn qí shànɡ zāi ! ɡù xiān wánɡ yán yuē : ‘ tān yú zhènɡ zhě “ bù nénɡ fēn rén yǐ shì , hòu yú huò zhě bù nénɡ fēn rén yǐ lù 。 ” shì zé bù yǔ , jìn zé bù fēn , qǐnɡ wèn tiān xià zhī xián rén jiānɡ hé zì zhì hū wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén zhī cè zāi ? ruò ɡǒu xián zhě bú zhì hū wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén zhī cè , zé cǐ bù xiāo zhě zài zuǒ yòu yě 。 bù xiāo zhě zài zuǒ yòu , zé qí suǒ yù bù dānɡ xián , ér suǒ fá bù dānɡ bào , wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén zūn cǐ yǐ wéi zhènɡ hū ɡuó jiā , zé shǎnɡ yì bì bù dānɡ xián , ér fá yì bì bù dānɡ bào 。 ruò ɡǒu shǎnɡ bù dānɡ xián ér fá bù dānɡ bào , zé shì wéi xián zhě bú quàn ér wéi bào zhě bù jǔ yǐ 。 shì yǐ rù zé bù cí xiào fù mǔ , chū zé bù zhǎnɡ dì xiānɡ lǐ , jū chù wú jié , chū rù wú dù , nán nǚ wú bié 。 shǐ zhì ɡuān fǔ zé dào qiè , shǒu chénɡ zé bèi pàn , jūn yǒu nán zé bù sǐ , chū wánɡ zé bù cónɡ , shǐ duàn yù zé bù zhōnɡ , fēn cái zé bù jūn , yǔ móu shì bù dé , jǔ shì bù chénɡ , rù shǒu bú ɡù , chū zhū bù qiánɡ 。 ɡù suī xī zhě sān dài bào wánɡ jié zhòu yōu lì zhī suó yǐ shī cuò qí ɡuó jiā , qīnɡ fù qí shè jì zhě , yǐ cǐ ɡù yě 。 hé zé ? jiē yǐ mínɡ xiǎo wù ér bù mínɡ dà wù yě 。
今  王   公   大 人  亦 欲 效   人  以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    , 高  予 之  爵  , 而 禄 不 从   也 。 夫 高  爵  而 无 禄 , 民  不 信  也 。 曰  : ‘ 此 非  中    实  爱 我 也 , 假  藉  而 用   我 也 。 ’ 夫 假  藉  之  民  , 将    岂 能   亲  其 上    哉  ! 故 先   王   言  曰  : ‘ 贪  于 政    者  “ 不 能   分  人  以 事  , 厚  于 货  者  不 能   分  人  以 禄 。 ” 事  则 不 与 , 祲  则 不 分  , 请   问  天   下  之  贤   人  将    何 自 至  乎 王   公   大 人  之  侧 哉  ? 若  苟  贤   者  不 至  乎 王   公   大 人  之  侧 , 则 此 不 肖   者  在  左  右  也 。 不 肖   者  在  左  右  , 则 其 所  誉 不 当   贤   , 而 所  罚 不 当   暴  , 王   公   大 人  尊  此 以 为  政    乎 国  家  , 则 赏    亦 必 不 当   贤   , 而 罚 亦 必 不 当   暴  。 若  苟  赏    不 当   贤   而 罚 不 当   暴  , 则 是  为  贤   者  不 劝   而 为  暴  者  不 沮 矣 。 是  以 入 则 不 慈 孝   父 母 , 出  则 不 长    弟 乡    里 , 居 处  无 节  , 出  入 无 度 , 男  女 无 别  。 使  治  官   府 则 盗  窃  , 守   城    则 倍  畔  , 君  有  难  则 不 死 , 出  亡   则 不 从   , 使  断   狱 则 不 中    , 分  财  则 不 均  , 与 谋  事  不 得 , 举 事  不 成    , 入 守   不 固 , 出  诛  不 强    。 故 虽  昔 者  三  代  暴  王   桀  纣   幽  厉 之  所  以 失  措  其 国  家  , 倾   覆 其 社  稷 者  , 已 此 故 也 。 何 则 ? 皆  以 明   小   物 而 不 明   大 物 也 。

The present ruler, imitating the ancients, also want to employ the virtuous in government by exalting them. Ranks given them are very high, but the emoluments do not follow proportionally. Now, to be high in rank but receive small emoluments will not inspire people's confidence. The virtuous would say to themselves: "This is not real love for me, but only to make use of me as a means." Now, how can people be affectionate to their superiors' when they are only (treated as) means? Therefore an ancient king said: "He who is too ambitious in government will not share his tasks with others. He who over-treasures wealth will not offer big emoluments to others." When tasks are not assigned and emoluments are not given, it may be asked wherefrom would the virtuous come to the side of the rulers? And when the virtuous are not at the side of the rulers, the vicious will be on their right and left. When the vicious are on the right and left, then commendations will not fall on the virtuous and punishments will not be upon the wicked. If the rulers follow these in governing the states, in the same way rewards will not go to the virtuous and punishment not to the wicked. When rewards really do not go to the virtuous and punishment not to the wicked, then the virtuous will find no encouragement, neither the wicked any obstruction. At home the vicious are not filial to their parents, and, having left their home town, they would not recognize their elders. They move about without restraint and disregard the rules of propriety about sexes. When trusted with the administration of the court, they would steal; when trusted to defend a city, they would raise an insurrection. When the lord meets with death, they would not follow him and commit suicide; when the lord has to flee the country, they would not accompany him in banishment. In judging lawsuits they are not just, and in dividing property they are partial. In planning they are not helpful, in execution they are inefficient. Neither in defence are they strong, nor in attack are they victorious. Now, the reason that the wicked kings of the Three Dynasties, namely, Jie, Zhou, You, and Li, misruled the country and upset their states was no other than this (employment of the vicious). Why is this so? Because they understood petty affairs but were ignorant about things of importance.

jīn wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén , yǒu yì yī shɑnɡ bù nénɡ zhì yě , bì jiè liánɡ ɡōnɡ ; yǒu yì niú yánɡ bù nénɡ shā yě , bì jiè liánɡ zǎi 。 ɡù dānɡ ruò zhī èr wù zhě , wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén wèi zhī yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ yě 。 dǎi zhì qí ɡuó jiā zhī luàn , shè jì zhī wēi , zé bù zhī shǐ nénɡ yǐ zhì zhī , qīn qi zé shǐ zhī , wú ɡù fù ɡuì 、 miàn mù jiǎo hǎo zé shǐ zhī 。 fū wú ɡù fù ɡuì 、 miàn mù jiǎo hǎo zé shǐ zhī , qǐ bì zhì qiě yǒu huì zāi ! ruò shǐ zhī zhì ɡuó jiā , zé cǐ shǐ bú zhì huì zhě zhì ɡuó jiā yě , ɡuó jiā zhī luàn jì kě dé ér zhī yǐ 。 qiě fū wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén yǒu suǒ ài qí sè ér shǐ , qí xīn bù chá qí zhī ér yǔ qí ài 。 shì ɡù bù nénɡ zhì bǎi rén zhě , shǐ chù hū qiān rén zhī ɡuān , bù nénɡ zhì qiān rén zhě , shǐ chù hū wàn rén zhī ɡuān 。 cǐ qí ɡù hé yě ? yuē chù ruò ɡuān zhě jué ɡāo ér lù hòu , ɡù ài qí sè ér shǐ zhī yān 。 fū bù nénɡ zhì qiān rén zhě , shǐ chù hū wàn rén zhī ɡuān , zé cǐ ɡuān shén bèi yě 。 fū zhì zhī fǎ jiānɡ rì zhì zhě yě , rì yǐ zhì zhī , rì bù shén xiū , zhī yǐ zhì zhī , zhī bù shén yì , ér yǔ ɡuān shén bèi , zé cǐ zhì yì ér qì qí jiǔ yǐ 。 suī rì yè xiānɡ jiē yǐ zhì ruò ɡuān , ɡuān yóu ruò bú zhì , cǐ qí ɡù hé yě ? zé wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén bù mínɡ hū yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ yě 。 ɡù yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ ér zhì zhě , fū ruò yán zhī wèi yě , yǐ xià xián wéi zhènɡ ér luàn zhě , ruò wú yán zhī wèi yě 。
今  王   公   大 人  , 有  一 衣 裳    不 能   制  也 , 必 藉  良    工   ; 有  一 牛  羊   不 能   杀  也 , 必 藉  良    宰  。 故 当   若  之  二 物 者  , 王   公   大 人  未  知  以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    也 。 逮  至  其 国  家  之  乱   , 社  稷 之  危  , 则 不 知  使  能   以 治  之  , 亲  戚 则 使  之  , 无 故 富 贵  、 面   目 佼   好  则 使  之  。 夫 无 故 富 贵  、 面   目 佼   好  则 使  之  , 岂 必 智  且  有  慧  哉  ! 若  使  之  治  国  家  , 则 此 使  不 智  慧  者  治  国  家  也 , 国  家  之  乱   既 可 得 而 知  已 。 且  夫 王   公   大 人  有  所  爱 其 色 而 使  , 其 心  不 察  其 知  而 与 其 爱 。 是  故 不 能   治  百  人  者  , 使  处  乎 千   人  之  官   , 不 能   治  千   人  者  , 使  处  乎 万  人  之  官   。 此 其 故 何 也 ? 曰  处  若  官   者  爵  高  而 禄 厚  , 故 爱 其 色 而 使  之  焉  。 夫 不 能   治  千   人  者  , 使  处  乎 万  人  之  官   , 则 此 官   什   倍  也 。 夫 治  之  法 将    日 至  者  也 , 日 以 治  之  , 日 不 什   修  , 知  以 治  之  , 知  不 什   益 , 而 予 官   什   倍  , 则 此 治  一 而 弃 其 九  矣 。 虽  日 夜 相    接  以 治  若  官   , 官   犹  若  不 治  , 此 其 故 何 也 ? 则 王   公   大 人  不 明   乎 以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    也 。 故 以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    而 治  者  , 夫 若  言  之  谓  也 , 以 下  贤   为  政    而 乱   者  , 若  吾 言  之  谓  也 。

When the rulers cannot get a coat made they will employ able tailors. When they cannot have an ox or a sheep killed they will employ able butchers. In these two instances they do know they should exalt the virtuous and employ the capable for business. But when it comes to the disorder of the country and danger of the state, they do not know they should exalt the virtuous and employ the capable for government. Rather, they would employ their relatives, they would employ the rich without merit, and the good-looking. But as to the employment of the rich without merit and the good-looking -- will these necessarily prove themselves wise and intelligent? To let these rule the country is to let the unwise and unintelligent rule the country. And disorder can then be predicted. Moreover, the rulers employ their minds by the attractiveness of their appearance, and show them favour without finding out their knowledge. As a result, those who are not capable to rule a hundred men are assigned to posts over a thousand, and those who are not capable to rule a thousand are assigned to posts over ten thousand. What is the reason for this? Why, such positions are high in rank and rich in emoluments. Therefore the specially favoured are picked for them. But to make those incapable of ruling a thousand men rule ten thousand is to increase their duty tenfold. The business of the government comes daily. It is to be attended to every day, yet the day cannot be lengthened by tenfold. To govern, again, requires knowledge. When knowledge is not increased by ten times, while a tenfold task is assigned, it will evidently result in attending to one and neglecting nine. Though the task be attended to day and night, still it cannot be well executed. And the reason for this is because the rulers do not understand that they should exalt the virtuous and employ the capable in government. Thus exaltation of the virtuous and employment of the capable with the consequent success in government is presented above in the earlier paragraphs. And the depreciation of the virtuous with the resulting confusion in government is presented here in these paragraphs.

jīn wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén zhōnɡ shí jiānɡ yù zhì qí ɡuó jiā , yù xiū bǎo ér wù shī , hú bù chá shànɡ xián wéi zhènɡ zhī běn yě ? qiě yǐ shànɡ xián wéi zhènɡ zhī běn zhě , yì qǐ dú zǐ mò zǐ zhī yán zāi ! cǐ shènɡ wánɡ zhī dào , xiān wánɡ zhī shū jù nián zhī yán yě 。 chuán yuē : ‘ qiú shènɡ jūn zhé rén , yǐ bì fǔ ér shēn ’ , 《 tānɡ shì 》 yún : ‘ yù qiú yuán shènɡ , yǔ zhī lù lì tónɡ xīn , yǐ zhì tiān xià 。 ’ zé cǐ yán shènɡ zhī bù shī yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ yě 。 ɡù ɡǔ zhě shènɡ wánɡ wéi nénɡ shěn yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ , wú yì wù zá yān , tiān xià jiē dé qí lì 。 ɡǔ zhě shùn ɡēnɡ lì shān , táo hé bīn , yú léi zé , yáo dé zhī fú zé zhī yánɡ , jǔ yǐ wéi tiān zǐ , yǔ jiē tiān xià zhī zhènɡ , zhì tiān xià zhī mín 。 yī zhì , yǒu shēn shì nǚ zhī sī chén , qīn wéi páo rén , tānɡ dé zhī , jǔ yǐ wéi jǐ xiānɡ , yǔ jiē tiān xià zhī zhènɡ , zhì tiān xià zhī mín 。 fù shuō bèi hè dài suǒ 。 yōnɡ zhù hū fù yán , wǔ dīnɡ dé zhī , jǔ yǐ wéi sān ɡōnɡ , yǔ jiē tiān xià zhī zhènɡ , zhì tiān xià zhī mín 。 cǐ hé ɡù shǐ jiàn zú ér ɡuì , shǐ pín zú ér fù ? zé wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén mínɡ hū yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ 。 shì yǐ mín wú jī ér bù dé shí , hán ér bù dé yī , láo ér bù dé xī , luàn ér bù dé zhì zhě 。
今  王   公   大 人  中    实  将    欲 治  其 国  家  , 欲 修  保  而 勿 失  , 胡 不 察  尚    贤   为  政    之  本  也 ? 且  以 尚    贤   为  政    之  本  者  , 亦 岂 独 子 墨 子 之  言  哉  ! 此 圣    王   之  道  , 先   王   之  书  距 年   之  言  也 。 传    曰  : ‘ 求  圣    君  哲  人  , 以 裨 辅 而 身   ’ , 《 汤   誓  》 云  : ‘ 聿 求  元   圣    , 与 之  戮 力 同   心  , 以 治  天   下  。 ’ 则 此 言  圣    之  不 失  以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    也 。 故 古 者  圣    王   唯  能   审   以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    , 无 异 物 杂 焉  , 天   下  皆  得 其 利 。 古 者  舜   耕   历 山   , 陶  河 濒  , 渔 雷  泽 , 尧  得 之  服 泽 之  阳   , 举 以 为  天   子 , 与 接  天   下  之  政    , 治  天   下  之  民  。 伊 挚  , 有  莘   氏  女 之  私 臣   , 亲  为  庖  人  , 汤   得 之  , 举 以 为  己 相    , 与 接  天   下  之  政    , 治  天   下  之  民  。 傅 说   被  褐 带  索  。 庸   筑  乎 傅 岩  , 武 丁   得 之  , 举 以 为  三  公   , 与 接  天   下  之  政    , 治  天   下  之  民  。 此 何 故 始  贱   卒 而 贵  , 始  贫  卒 而 富 ? 则 王   公   大 人  明   乎 以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    。 是  以 民  无 饥 而 不 得 食  , 寒  而 不 得 衣 , 劳  而 不 得 息 , 乱   而 不 得 治  者  。

If the rulers now want to govern their states so that they will be permanent and unshakeable, why do they not learn that exaltation of the virtuous is the foundation of government? Besides, is this principle merely a conception of Mozi? It is the way of the sage-kings and the tenet of "Ju Nian," a book of an ancient king. And, thus it is recorded: "(He) sought out the wise men to protect and aid you." And thus states the "Oath of Tang": "I then sought for the Great Sage, with whom I might unite my strength and mind to govern the empire." All these show how the sage-kings never failed to exalt the virtuous and employ the capable in government. The sage-kings of old comprehended onlv this -- to exalt the virtuous and employ the capable in government and nobody else; so the whole world was benefited. In times of old, Shun cultivated land at Mt. Li made pottery by the River, and was engaged in fishing in Lake Lei. Yao discovered him at Fuze. Exalting him, Yao made him Emperor and handed to him the government of the empire and the rule over the people. Yi Zhi once served in the bridal party of the daughter of the Prince of Xin, and later voluntarily served Tang as his cook. Tang discovered him. Exalting him, Tang made him his Prime Minister and handed to him the government of the empire and the rule over the people. Fu Yue once wore garments of coarse cloth tied with ropes, working as an artisan at Fu Yan. Wu Ding discovered him. Exalting him, Wu Ding made him High Duke and handed to him the government of the empire and the rule over the people. Why is it that these people starting in humility arrived at honour, starting in poverty arrived at wealth? It is because these rulers understood the importance of exalting the virtuous and employing the capable in government. Therefore, none of the people were hungry yet without food, cold yet without clothing, tired yet without rest, disturbed yet without peace.

ɡù ɡǔ shènɡ wánɡ yǐ shěn yǐ shànɡ xián shǐ nénɡ wéi zhènɡ , ér qǔ fǎ yú tiān 。 suī tiān yì bú biàn pín fù 、 ɡuì jiàn 、 yuǎn ěr 、 qīn shū 、 xián zhě jǔ ér shànɡ zhī , bù xiāo zhě yì ér fèi zhī 。 rán zé fù ɡuì wéi xián , yǐ dé qí shǎnɡ zhě shuí yě ? yuē ruò xī zhě sān dài shènɡ wánɡ yáo 、 shùn 、 yǔ 、 tānɡ 、 wén 、 wǔ zhě shì yě 。 suó yǐ dé qí shǎnɡ hé yě ? yuē qí wéi zhènɡ hū tiān xià yě , jiān ér ài zhī , cónɡ ér lì zhī , yòu lǜ tiān xià zhī wàn mín yǐ shànɡ zūn tiān 、 shì ɡuǐ 、 ài lì wàn mín , shì ɡù tiān ɡuǐ shǎnɡ zhī , lì wéi tiān zǐ , yǐ wéi mín fù mǔ , wàn mín cónɡ ér yù zhī yuē ‘ shènɡ wánɡ ’ , zhì jīn bù yǐ 。 zé cǐ fù ɡuì wéi xián , yǐ dé qí shǎnɡ zhě yě 。 rán zé fù ɡuì wéi bào , yǐ dé qí fá zhě shuí yě ? yuē ruò xī zhě sān dài bào wánɡ jié 、 zhòu 、 yōu 、 lì zhě shì yě 。 hé yǐ zhī qí rán yě ? yuē qí wéi zhènɡ hū tiān xià yě , jiān ér zēnɡ zhī , cónɡ ér zéi zhī , yòu lǜ tiān xià zhī mín yǐ ɡòu tiān wǔ ɡuǐ , zéi ào wàn mín , shì ɡù tiān ɡuǐ fá zhī , shǐ shēn sǐ ér wéi xínɡ lù , zǐ sūn lí sàn , shì jiā sànɡ miè , jué wú hòu sì , wàn mín cónɡ ér fēi zhī yuē “ bào wánɡ ” , zhì jīn bù yǐ 。 zé cǐ fù ɡuì wéi bào , ér yǐ dé qí fá zhě yě 。 rán zé qīn ér bú shàn , yǐ dé qí fá zhě shuí yě ? yuē ruò xī zhě bó ɡǔn , dì zhī yuán zǐ , fèi dì zhī dé yōnɡ , jì nǎi xínɡ zhī yú yǔ zhī jiāo , nǎi rè zhào wú yǒu jí yě , dì yì bú ài 。 zé cǐ qīn ér bú shàn yǐ dé qí fá zhě yě 。 rán zé tiān zhī suǒ shǐ nénɡ zhě shuí yě ? yuē ruò xī zhě yǔ 、 jì 、 yáo táo shì yě 。 hé yǐ zhī qí rán yě ? xiān wánɡ zhī shū lǚ xínɡ dào zhī yuē : ‘ huánɡ dì qīnɡ wèn xià mín , yǒu cí yǒu miáo 。 yuē qún hòu zhī sì zài xià , mínɡ mínɡ bù chánɡ , ɡuān ɡuǎ bú ɡài , dé wēi wéi wēi , dé mínɡ wéi mínɡ 。 nǎi mínɡ sān hòu , xù ɡōnɡ yú mín , bó yí jiànɡ diǎn , zhé mín wéi xínɡ 。 yǔ pínɡ shuí tǔ , zhǔ mínɡ shān chuān 。 jì lónɡ bō zhǒnɡ , nónɡ zhí jiā ɡǔ 。 sān hòu chénɡ ɡōnɡ , wéi jiǎ yú mín 。 ’ zé cǐ yán sān shènɡ rén zhě , jǐn qí yán , shèn qí xínɡ , jīnɡ qí sī lǜ , suǒ tiān xià zhī yǐn shì yí lì , yǐ shànɡ shì tiān , zé tiān xiānɡ qí dé , xià shī zhī wàn mín , wàn mín bèi qí lì , zhōnɡ shēn wú yǐ 。 ɡù xiān wánɡ zhī yán yuē : ‘ cǐ dào yě , dà yònɡ zhī tiān xià zé bù tiǎo , xiǎo yònɡ zhī zé bú kùn , xiū yònɡ zhī zé wàn mín bèi qí lì , zhōnɡ shēn wú yǐ 。 ’ zhōu sònɡ dào zhī yuē : ‘ shènɡ rén zhī dé , ruò tiān zhī ɡāo , ruò dì zhī pǔ , qí yǒu zhāo yú tiān xià yě 。 ruò dì zhī ɡù , ruò shān zhī chénɡ , bú chè bù bēnɡ 。 ruò rì zhī ɡuānɡ , ruò yuè zhī mínɡ , yǔ tiān dì tónɡ chánɡ 。 ’ zé cǐ yán shènɡ rén zhī dé , zhānɡ mínɡ bó dà , zhí ɡù , yǐ xiū jiǔ yě 。 ɡù shènɡ rén zhī dé ɡài zǒnɡ hū tiān dì zhě yě 。
故 古 圣    王   以 审   以 尚    贤   使  能   为  政    , 而 取 法 于 天   。 虽  天   亦 不 辩   贫  富 、 贵  贱   、 远   迩 、 亲  疏  、 贤   者  举 而 尚    之  , 不 肖   者  抑 而 废  之  。 然  则 富 贵  为  贤   , 以 得 其 赏    者  谁   也 ? 曰  若  昔 者  三  代  圣    王   尧  、 舜   、 禹 、 汤   、 文  、 武 者  是  也 。 所  以 得 其 赏    何 也 ? 曰  其 为  政    乎 天   下  也 , 兼   而 爱 之  , 从   而 利 之  , 又  率 天   下  之  万  民  以 尚    尊  天   、 事  鬼  、 爱 利 万  民  , 是  故 天   鬼  赏    之  , 立 为  天   子 , 以 为  民  父 母 , 万  民  从   而 誉 之  曰  ‘ 圣    王   ’ , 至  今  不 已 。 则 此 富 贵  为  贤   , 以 得 其 赏    者  也 。 然  则 富 贵  为  暴  , 以 得 其 罚 者  谁   也 ? 曰  若  昔 者  三  代  暴  王   桀  、 纣   、 幽  、 厉 者  是  也 。 何 以 知  其 然  也 ? 曰  其 为  政    乎 天   下  也 , 兼   而 憎   之  , 从   而 贼  之  , 又  率 天   下  之  民  以 诟  天   侮 鬼  , 贼  傲 万  民  , 是  故 天   鬼  罚 之  , 使  身   死 而 为  刑   戮 , 子 孙  离 散  , 室  家  丧   灭  , 绝  无 后  嗣 , 万  民  从   而 非  之  曰  “ 暴  王   ” , 至  今  不 已 。 则 此 富 贵  为  暴  , 而 以 得 其 罚 者  也 。 然  则 亲  而 不 善   , 以 得 其 罚 者  谁   也 ? 曰  若  昔 者  伯 鲧  , 帝 之  元   子 , 废  帝 之  德 庸   , 既 乃  刑   之  于 羽 之  郊   , 乃  热 照   无 有  及 也 , 帝 亦 不 爱 。 则 此 亲  而 不 善   以 得 其 罚 者  也 。 然  则 天   之  所  使  能   者  谁   也 ? 曰  若  昔 者  禹 、 稷 、 皋  陶  是  也 。 何 以 知  其 然  也 ? 先   王   之  书  吕 刑   道  之  曰  : ‘ 皇    帝 清   问  下  民  , 有  辞 有  苗   。 曰  群  后  之  肆 在  下  , 明   明   不 常    , 鳏   寡  不 盖  , 德 威  维  威  , 德 明   维  明   。 乃  名   三  后  , 恤 功   于 民  , 伯 夷 降    典   , 哲  民  维  刑   。 禹 平   水   土 , 主  名   山   川    。 稷 隆   播 种    , 农   殖  嘉  谷 。 三  后  成    功   , 维  假  于 民  。 ’ 则 此 言  三  圣    人  者  , 谨  其 言  , 慎   其 行   , 精   其 思 虑 , 索  天   下  之  隐  事  遗 利 , 以 上    事  天   , 则 天   乡    其 德 , 下  施  之  万  民  , 万  民  被  其 利 , 终    身   无 已 。 故 先   王   之  言  曰  : ‘ 此 道  也 , 大 用   之  天   下  则 不 窕   , 小   用   之  则 不 困  , 修  用   之  则 万  民  被  其 利 , 终    身   无 已 。 ’ 周   颂   道  之  曰  : ‘ 圣    人  之  德 , 若  天   之  高  , 若  地 之  普 , 其 有  昭   于 天   下  也 。 若  地 之  固 , 若  山   之  承    , 不 坼  不 崩   。 若  日 之  光    , 若  月  之  明   , 与 天   地 同   常    。 ’ 则 此 言  圣    人  之  德 , 章    明   博 大 , 埴  固 , 以 修  久  也 。 故 圣    人  之  德 盖  总   乎 天   地 者  也 。
 
And, the ancient sage-kings in exalting the virtuous and employing the capable in government were following the ways of Heaven. Even Heaven does not discriminate among the poor and the rich, the honourable and the humble, the distant and the near, and the related and the unrelated (to those in power). The virtuous were promoted and exalted; the vicious were kept back and banished. Now, who were those that, possessing wealth and position, still strove after virtues and were rewarded ? They were the sage-kings of the Three Dynasties, namely, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu (12). How were they rewarded? When they governed the empire, they loved all the people universally and benefited them, and led them in doing honour to Heaven and service to the spirits. As they loved and benefited the people, Heaven and the spirits rewarded them, appointing them to be Sons of Heaven, and parents of the people. And, thereupon people praised them, calling them sage-kings even unto this day. These then were those that, possessing wealth and position, still strove after virtues and were rewarded. Now, who were those that, possessing wealth and position, yet practiced evil and were punished? They were the wicked kings of the Three Dynasties, namely, Jie, Zhou, You, and Li. How do we know they were those ? When they governed the empire they disliked all the people inclusively and oppressed them and led them to curse Heaven and the spirits. Oppressing and destroying the people, they were punished by Heaven and the spirits; their corpses were mangled and lacerated, their children and grandchildren were scattered and dispersed, their family hearths were extinguished and descendants exterminated. And, thereupon the people railed at them, calling them wicked kings even unto this day. These, then, are those that, possessing wealth and position, yet practised evil and were punished. Now, who were those that were related (to the ruler) but not virtuous and were visited by punishment? Count Gun was of direct royal descent but had degenerated in the royal virtues. So he was banished to the wilderness of Yu Yu where (in the prison) light could not reach him, neither did the emperor show any favour. Such was he who was related but not virtuous and was visited by punishment. Now, who were those that were employed by Heaven because of their capability? Yu, Ji, and Gao Tao were they. How do we know that? It is found in the " Penal Code of Lu," a book of an early king, thus: "The Emperor (Yao) inquired among his subjects, and complaints were made against the Miaos (barbarians)." Again, "As the feudal lords have been appointed without insight, even the widows and the widowers are not protected. Dignity is revered only when it is accompanied with magnanimity; enlightenment is respected only when it is accompanied with magnanimity. Thereupon three chiefs were commissioned to care for and consolate the people: (1) Bo Yi delivered the laws and statutes and taught therewith the people; (2) Yu reduced the Flood and recovered the land, and gave names to hills and rivers; (3) Ji descended (from his rank) and sowed seeds to encourage good farming. The benefits of the achievements of these three chiefs all fell upon the people." This is to say that the three sages were careful in speech, vigilant in conduct, penetrating in thought, studying and planning for every detail and benefit of the world--with this to do service to Heaven on high, Heaven will bless their virtue; to bestow it to the people below, the people will be visited by its benefits lasting beyond their lifetime. Thus said the ancient kings: "Now, this way, when followed broadly to govern the world, will not be found to be too slender; when followed narrowly, will not be too unwieldly; when followed with discretion, will benefit the people beyond their lifetime." Referring to it, the "Eulogy of Zhou" sings: "The virtue of the sage shining upon the world is lofty as Heaven, wide as earth, high as the mountain, unbreakable and infallible; luminating as the sun, brilliant as the moon, eternal with heaven and earth." This is to describe how enlightening and all-embracing, deep-rooted and, therefore, permanent is the virtue of the sage. Therefore the virtue of the sage is really inclusive of heaven and earth.

jīn wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén yù wánɡ tiān xià , zhènɡ zhū hóu , fū wú dé yì jiānɡ hé yǐ zāi ? qí shuō jiānɡ bì jiā zhèn wēi qiánɡ 。 jīn wánɡ ɡōnɡ dà rén jiānɡ yān qǔ jiā zhèn wēi qiánɡ zāi ? qīnɡ zhě mín zhī sǐ yě 。 mín shēnɡ wéi shèn yù , sǐ wéi shèn zēnɡ , suǒ yù bù dé ér suǒ sēnɡ lǚ zhì , zì ɡǔ jí jīn wèi chánɡ nénɡ yǒu yǐ cǐ wánɡ tiān xià 、 zhènɡ zhū hóu zhě yě 。 jīn dà rén yù wánɡ tiān xià , zhènɡ zhū hóu , jiānɡ yù shǐ yì dé hū tiān xià , mínɡ chénɡ hū hòu shì , ɡù bù chá shànɡ xián
今  王   公   大 人  欲 王   天   下  , 正    诸  侯  , 夫 无 德 义 将    何 以 哉  ? 其 说   将    必 挟  震   威  强    。 今  王   公   大 人  将    焉  取 挟  震   威  强    哉  ? 倾   者  民  之  死 也 。 民  生    为  甚   欲 , 死 为  甚   憎   , 所  欲 不 得 而 所  僧   屡 至  , 自 古 及 今  未  尝    能   有  以 此 王   天   下  、 正    诸  侯  者  也 。 今  大 人  欲 王   天   下  , 正    诸  侯  , 将    欲 使  意 得 乎 天   下  , 名   成    乎 后  世  , 故 不 察  尚    贤   
wéi 1 zhènɡ zhī běn yě 。 cǐ shènɡ rén zhī hòu xínɡ yě 。 ”
为  1 政    之  本  也 。 此 圣    人  之  厚  行   也 。 ”

Now, the rulers want to be lord over the empire and be head of the feudal lords. But how can it be done without virtue and righteousness? Their way must be by overpowering and overawing. But what makes them adopt this? It simply pursues the people to death. But life is what the people eagerly desire, and death what they greatly dread. What is desired is not obtained, but what is dreaded befalls them ever so often. From antiquity to the present, none has yet been able to be lord over the empire and head of the feudal lords by this way. Now the rulers desire to be lord of the world and head of the feudal lords and want to have their ideas prevail all over the world, and their names established in posterity. But why do they not learn that exaltation of the virtuous is the foundation of government? This was the actual conduct of the sages.

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